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  http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_1561000/1561075.stm

You are in: Sci/Tech Front Page World

Monday, 24 September, 2001, 15:54 GMT 16:54 UK

Laser Maps Tower Rubble

By BBC News Online science editor Dr David Whitehouse

A laser-based sensor flown over the wreckage of the World Trade Center has produced a topographic image of "ground zero". It shows what remains of the fallen twin towers and is helping rescuers clear the scene. The aircraft, which uses a lidar - a device that shines a pulsed infrared laser on the rubble and analyses the echo - has special permission to over-fly the WTC site at a height of about 1,520 metres (5,000 feet).

Researchers are producing images each day that assist rescue teams as they pick their way through the rubble,pinpointing unstable and shifting areas, as well as underground fires.

The processed image at the top of the page shows just how little remains of the north and south towers. It also reveals craters reaching below street level and debris on the roofs of nearby buildings.

Echo data

Lidar stands for "light detection and ranging". It is similar to radar, except that it uses light instead of radio waves. It transmits a laser pulse to the ground and measures the time it takes to be reflected back. The average round-trip takes a hundred-thousandth of a second. Variations in this time give the height of the ground. The aircraft makes daily flights over ground zero giving out over 15,000 laser pulses a second. The echo data are analysed and converted into a grid of more than 100,000 elevation points, spaced about 1.5 m (5 ft) apart. The resulting map has an accuracy of about 15 centimetres (six inches) in height.

Other sensors carried on the airplane have been taking photographs and looking at thermal radiation to track underground fires that are still burning beneath the rubble.

Large-scale copies of the three-dimensional map have been produced for firefighters and rescue workers. Maps produced on subsequent days allow rescuers to look for indications of movement, but, so far, everything appears to be relatively stable.

  http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_1554000/1554560.stm

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Thursday, 20 September, 2001, 14:47 GMT 15:47 UK

Collapsing Towers Caused Seismic Shock

By BBC News Online science editor Dr David Whitehouse

The devastating impacts on the twin towers of the World Trade Center and their subsequent collapse shook the ground with the force of a small earthquake. Scientists have released seismic recordings made at several monitoring stations situated in northeast America. The seismic signals generated by the collapsing north and south towers were much stronger than those from the two airliner impacts. Many smaller signals were registered at the Palisades monitoring station - a short distance from Manhattan - that may have originated from the further collapse of the Twin Towers and the fall of walls and other debris in the surrounding area.

The seismographic monitoring stations are situated in southern New York, northern New Jersey, western Connecticut, and Pennsylvania. The closest station, at Palisades, New York, is located just 34 kilometres (21 miles) north of lower Manhattan in Rockland County. The Palisades recordings of the twin tower collapses were comparable in size to the signals from a small earthquake of magnitude 2.4 that was felt on the east side of Manhattan and in the western parts of Queens earlier this year, on 17 January.

However, the seismic signals from the five events on 11 September differed from a small earthquake in significant ways. They were richer in low-frequency energy and poorer in high-frequency energy. The differences can be attributed to the short-time duration of the fault rupture responsible for the earthquake as compared with the long and complex collapse of the buildings.

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